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Broschüre über Maria Montessori

Broschüre über Maria Montessori und ihr Werk für Schüler und Schülerinnen

zusammengestellt von

Helene Buggle

Donauschule Nendingen
Grundschule mit Montessori-Profil
Bräunisbergstr.12
78532 Tuttlingen

Wer war Maria Montessori?

Maria Montessoris Leben und ihre Arbeit

Maria Montessori wurde im Jahr 1870, also vor über 100 Jahren in Italien geboren. Sie wuchs in einer Zeit auf, in der die Zustände in den Schulen sehr schlecht waren. Als Lehrer wurden häufig Bauern eingestellt. Diese waren nicht besonders eifrig bei der Arbeit und wussten meistens nicht sehr viel mehr als ihre Schüler. Auch die Rechte der Frauen waren damals sehr eingeschränkt. Frauen sollten nicht berufstätig sein und vor allem ihre Kinder erziehen und ihrem Ehemann dienen.

Schulzeit

In der Grundschule war Maria Montessori nicht ehrgeizig oder strebsam. Als sie einmal die Lebensgeschichte berühmter Frauen auswendig lernen sollte, sagte sie: “Ich will nie berühmt werden, damit die Kinder nicht noch eine weitere Lebensgeschichte auswendig lernen müssen.“
Wie wir wissen, wurde Maria Montessori doch weltberühmt, so dass sie schließlich sogar auf einer italienischen Geldnote abgebildet wurde.

Wie alles anfing

Eines Tages beobachtete Maria Montessori, wie ein Kind auf den Armen seiner Mutter, einer Bettlerin, mit einem roten Papierfetzen spielte. Von diesem Augenblick an wusste Maria Montessori, dass sie Ärztin werden wollte um Kindern besser helfen zu können. Solche Momente, die plötzlich zu einer besonderen Erkenntnis führen und ein ganzes Leben verändern, nennt man ‘Schlüsselerlebnisse’. Maria hatte viele solcher Erlebnisse.

Studium der Medizin

Ärztin zu werden war im Jahre 1890 für Frauen fast un-möglich. Nur weil sie sehr hartnäckig war und bei wichtigen Persönlichkeiten vorsprach, bekam sie eine Sondererlaubnis, Medizin zu studieren. Zu Beginn ihres Studiums machten ihr die männlichen Mitstudenten das Leben ziemlich schwer.
Wenn Frau Montessori einen Hörsaal betrat, setzten sie sich zum Beispiel auf zwei Stühle, damit sie keinen Platz mehr fand. Weil aber Maria Montessori sehr gescheit war und auch schwierige Lerninhalte schnell begriff, waren die Männer beeindruckt und erkannten sie schließlich an. 1896 absolvierte sie ihr Examen und wurde die erste Frau die als Ärztin zugelassen war.

Von der Ärztin zur Lehrerin

Eine ihrer ersten Aufgaben als Ärztin war die Heime für geistig behinderte Menschen zu besuchen. Sie musste überprüfen, ob darin alles in Ordnung war. In solch einem Heim hatte sie wieder ein Schlüsselerlebnis: Die Kinder saßen in leeren Räumen und spielten mit Brotkrümmelchen, die sie sich vom Essen aufgespart hatten. Die Betreuerinnen der Kinder waren der Meinung, dass dieses Spielen mit Essensresten ein Zeichen der geistigen Behinderung war. Aber Montessori war sofort klar, dass den Kindern Materialien fehlten, mit denen sie sich sinnvoll beschäftigen konnten. Von diesem Moment an suchte Montessori nach Ideen, solche Materialien zu entwickeln. Ihr zweites Studium der Pädagogik half ihr dabei.

Das Montessori-Material

Tatsächlich gelang es Maria Montessori, Materialien zu entwickeln, mit deren Hilfe die Kinder intensiv und selbstständig arbeiten konnten. Montessori entdeckte, dass man gut lernen kann, wenn die Hände dabei mit im Spiel sind. Deshalb sind alle ihr Lernmaterialien bis heute so gestaltet, dass die Kinder neben ihrem Kopf immer ihre Hände gebrauchen müssen.
Maria Montessori wollte auch, dass die Kinder möglichst ohne die Hilfe Erwachsener lernen. Deswegen schuf sie Möglichkeiten, wie Kinder selbst kontrollieren können, ob sie richtig gearbeitet haben.
Montessori prägte den Spruch: “Hilf mir, es selbst zu tun!“
Schließlich gestaltete Maria Montessori das Material so schön, dass alle Kinder gerne und freiwillig damit arbeiten wollten. Das sieht man zum Beispiel am Goldenen Perlenmaterial.

Montessori entwickelte unzählige solcher Materialien, die einem Kind rasch beibrachten, die Schleife richtig zu binden, gut zu hören, Farben zu unterscheiden, mit kleinen und großen Zahlen umzugehen, Buchstaben zu fühlen und vieles mehr.

Montessoris Erfolg

Maria Montessori wurde weltberühmt, weil sie mit ihrem Material etwas ganz Besonderes erreichte. Diese behinderten Kinder lernten damit alle lesen und schreiben. Sie absolvierten sogar eine Berufsausbildung und waren damit in der Lage, ihr Kinderheim zu verlassen und selbstständig zu leben. Das sprach sich schnell herum und aus aller Welt strömten Menschen herbei, um dieses Wunder zu bestaunen.
Maria Montessori aber hatte schon wieder neue Pläne.
Sie dachte sich: “Wenn meine Methode bei geistig behinderten Kindern so einen Erfolg erzielt, wie wird sie erst auf ganz gesunde Kinder wirken?”
Im Jahre 1907 bekam Maria Montessori die Gelegenheit, dieses Experiment zu wagen. Da eröffnete sie in einem Armenviertel in Rom ihr erstes Kinderhaus, in dem gesunde Kinder unterrichtet wurden. Tatsächlich wirkte Montessoris Lernmaterial auf gesunde Kinder noch stärker, so dass diese Schüler noch viel selbst-ständiger arbeiten konnten und noch erstaunlichere Lernerfolge erzielten.
Maria Montessori war eine hervorragende Beobachterin. So kamen ihr ständig neue Ideen….

So ging es weiter

Maria Montessori begann, ihre Ideen anderen Erziehern und Erzieherinnen sowie Lehrerinnen und Lehrern zu erklären. Außerdem zeigte sie ihnen, wie sie mit den Lernmaterialien umgehen sollten. Sie wollte, dass möglichst viele Kinder auf der ganzen Welt damit arbeiten und nach ihren Ideen unterrichtet werden. Montessori glaubte fest daran, dass ihre Erziehungsmethode friedvolle und vernünftige Menschen hervorbringen würde. Sie, die ja selbst zwei Weltkriege erlebt hatte, war überzeugt, dass sich so Frieden auf der ganzen Welt verbreiten lasse. Ihre Ausbildungskurse führten sie in viele Länder der Erde. Sogar in Indien blieb sie mehrere Jahre. Dort befinden sich heute noch Montessori-Kinderhäuser und Montessori-Schulen.

Maria Montessori wurde 82 Jahre alt.

Sie starb völlig unerwartet mitten in den Planungen für eine Afrikareise. Denn auch in Afrika wollte sie ihre Ideen verbreiten. Schön für Maria Montessori war, dass sie in ihrem Sohn Mario große Unterstützung fand. Auch er wurde ein berühmter Pädagoge und begleitete seine Mutter auf ihren weiten Reisen.
Nach ihrem Tod führte er ihre Arbeit fort.
Begraben  wurde Maria Montessori in Holland.

Auf ihrem Grabstein steht geschrieben:

“Ich bitte die lieben Kinder, die alles vermögen, sich mit mir zu vereinigen, um den Frieden in den Menschen und in der Welt aufzubauen.”

Montessori-Ideen

Maria  Montessori wurde eine Freundin der Kinder, denn es gelang ihr wie kaum einem anderen Menschen, sich in Kinder hineinzuversetzen. So entwarf sie als erste Lehrerin Möbel, die an die Größe der Kinder angepasst waren. Auch Türklinken wurden auf Kinderhöhe montiert, damit die Kinder von den Erwachsenen unabhängig wurden. Montessori entdeckte, dass Kinder ganz unterschiedlich lernen.

Manche Kinder lernen zügig, manche langsam, manche Kinder zeigen eine Vorliebe für Mathematik, andere wiederum fürs Geschichten schreiben. In vielen Montessori-Schulen gibt es deshalb das Symbol der Schnecke, die an Stelle der Kinder zu den Erwachsenen sagt: “Lass mir Zeit!”

Damit ist gemeint:

  • Lasst dem einzelnen Kind genug Zeit, um zu verstehen und zu lernen
  • Vergleicht das Lernen des einen Kindes nicht mit dem Lernen des anderen Kindes
  • Denn jedes Kind lernt anders!
  • Gebt jedem Kind den Lernstoff, den es gerade gut lernen kann

Das konnte nicht in einem Unterricht erfüllt werden, in dem alle Kinder zum gleichen Zeitpunkt den gleichen Unterrichtsstoff lernten. Deshalb führte Maria Montessori im Kindergarten und in der Schule den offenen Unterricht ein, in dem jedes Kind wählen konnte, womit und wie lange es sich mit einem Lernthema beschäftigte.  Wir nennen diesen Unterricht  ‘Freiarbeit’.

Montessori hatte aber noch ganz andere Ideen:

  • Kinder sollten selber bestimmen, wann sie schlafen gehen und wann sie morgens wieder aufstehen.
  • Kinder sollten weder gelobt noch getadelt werden.
  • Kinder sollten in einer sehr ordentlichen Umgebung   aufwachsen.
  • Kinder sollten niemals mit Plastikgeschirr in Berührung kommen, sondern mit wertvollem Porzellan, damit sie den achtsamen Umgang damit lernen konnten.
  • Kinder sollten immer für Tiere und Pflanzen Verantwortung übernehmen.

Diese und weitere Gedanken beschrieb Maria Montessori in ihren Büchern. Ein Werk von ihr heißt:

“Die Entdeckung des Kindes“

Was interessiert dich noch aus dem Leben von Maria Montessori?

Schreibe deine Fragen auf ein Blatt Papier und wende dich damit an deine Lehrerin!